Biology Essays

It is quite essential to state that resently stem cell research is being stunted because the means of safely obtaining and testing its potentials begins with the discarded embryos that are referred to in medicine as the “product of conception,” which is really an affront to some people’s sensibilities.

Salmonella typhimurium is a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans. This experiment tested the histidine requirements of the auxotrophic mutant strains and their spontaneous reversion rate. The experiments were carried using either wild type S. Typhimurium, and TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538 mutants.

Histology is referred to as a study of the microscopic anatomy of tissues and cells while metastasis is the spreading of cancer from organ to organ. Many different types of epidermal growth factor receptor gene alterations are seen in human tumors. Melanomas may develop elsewhere in the body and many patients die from distant metastasis.

A virus is also said to be microscopic and cannot be seen by a light microscope. It usually comprises of a protein coated nucleic acid. There is no clear hypothesis pertaining the origin of

In addition, the isolation of specific DNA sequences from complexes of varied sequences of DNA relates to DNA cloning. Plasmid or highly modified phage acts as vectors for DNA fragment replication during a host cell's cloning. The inherent plasmid vector consists of a cloning site, a drug-resistance gene, and a replication origin.

They further classify the disease into four types. Type 1 involves polymicrobial infection with aerobic and the anaerobic bacteria especially in patients immune compromised or chronic disease. Additionally, Hussein & Anaya (2013) on page 800 assert

Most of the foods we buy from the stores are transported from miles way. On the way transporting these products from farm to the market they are preserved by refrigeration. Many fuels are required in the transport and refrigeration. The demand for food is

Three environments were created, the first one with Paramecium caudatum alone, the second with P. aurelia alone and the third with both species to assess their

While some cells do not contain any trace of mitochondria, others contain thousands. These organelles are not static rather they float all over the cell. Mitochondria are structured in a way that they contain two membranes. The first membrane being the inner membrane contains numerous folds that create a layer known as cristae.

According to the report the suspect’s DNA is matched with the sample DNA collected from the crime scene to assess the levels of matching, so that is the match is 100%, the DNA samples collected the crime scene can be used as evidence against the suspect. Forensic scientist also uses DNA when solving paternity disputes.

The author states that the taxonomical classification of the higher classes of organisms namely the metazoa and the metaphyta has covered nearly 20% of the total evolutionary period with the help of fossil records and complex morphologies. Based on these the basic organization of life was classified under 5 major divisions. 

The basic Biology of S. aureus is that they are highly adaptive, asymptomatic carriage (90M of population of the US or 30% are colonized with S. aureus while 5M of the population has MRSA), they can be spread by direct contact (through air, droplet, and direct contact), they have the capacity to be virulent, and has the capacity to become drug-resistant.

Inflammatory breast cancer develops when cancer cells block lymph vessels. Lymph vessels are hollow tubes in your lymphatic system that allow lymph fluid to drain out of your breast. The blockage causes your breast to become red, swollen and inflamed. Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is rare and accounts for only 1% to 5% of all breast cancers. Although it is a type of invasive ductal carcinoma, its symptoms, outlook, and treatment are different.

Blood is composed of plasma and three types of cells: Red cells, white cells and platelets. Plasma is the fluid part and serves as the transport medium. The cells are formed in the bone marrow from the pluripotent stem cells. These cells are unique as they have the ability to differentiate into any of the hematopoietic cell lineages. They either divide into lymphoid stem cells or myeloid stem cells.

f specifically known efficient and effective medical ways of utterly treating or eradicating cancer, scientists are ever searching relevant and highly effective solution to cancer diseases. Scientists are applying different and numerous scientific methods towards enhancing

The author states that muscles work best by contracting and this makes them shorter and thick so that they could pull on whatever bone or body part they are attached to, thereby creating movement. Generally, muscles become stronger through three steps involved in a single process including stress, recovery, and repeated stress.

Keeping this definition in mind, we will now analyze the effects of running on homeostatic processes. When we run for some time, various changes occur. Some of these include: Increased oxygen consumption; Increased oxygen delivery; Rise in Body Temperature. Muscle cells need a steady supply of energy to keep the contracting.

An artificial heart serves the function of replacing the heart especially during heart transplants or when there is a permanent need to replace the heart. Some inventions may have preceded this but the first artificial heart that came to be implanted in a human being successfully was a Jarvick-7 model designed by Robert Jarvick.

Chemical engineering treats human body as a chemical plant with air acting as both input and output to ensure smooth operation. There are also other input including food and water as well as other output such as feces and urine. In addition, complete

This paper concerns the observing and studying with the revolutionary prospectus in pharmaceutical perspectives, snake venom could pay the way for the fresh age of medicines, as well as the research for treatment of cancer among other illnesses. Snake venoms are often studied by scientists and researchers for its therapeutically/remedial application.

I am in full support of the current process of ensuring there is legislation controlling the use of antibiotics. I recommend that all members of the house understand the current dangers facing society as they make their decision. I am writing this letter as a concerned citizen who understands the danger facing our society today due to a lack of regulation on the use of drugs.

Cluster headaches are grouped under trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias or the TACs (Goadsby, Stephen, & Silberstein, 2005). Its name is derived from its characteristic of occurring in clusters and displaying a

Gender plays a big part in how a person reacts to specific toxicants, but the information in this regard is sparse as the database itself is small due to few research studies on this particular health issue. Lead, as heavy metal, had vast industrial and home uses before it was realized it was too toxic for some people.

It stands over 21 km high and extends in diameter of over 500 km (Head & Milkovich, 2003). Due to striking similarities in characteristics; volcanologists have classified the Olympus Mons as a shield volcano. Shield volcanoes, the Olympus Mons included, are formed when basalt magma erupts gently with fire fountains from vents along rift zones.

In the ordinary circumstances, polar bear lives one ice where it hunts for animals such as fish and seals. However, melting of ice makes it difficult for the polar bear to exist in such environment. The bear is also forced

According to Patton, cells are the basic building blocks in any living thing (50). The bodies of living things are made up of trillions of cells which provide it with structure, and also taking up nutrients and converting them into energy. The yielded energy is then used for specialized functions within the organism.

The author states that the climate change will affect the quality of liter produced. A higher fuel load is expected due to increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere that accelerates plant growth and thus increases plant biomass. More root litter that contains more nutrients is produced, and additional nutrients will be availed upon decomposition.

Consequently, this condition makes an individual to be vulnerable to infectious diseases and allergies. The hypothesis has been put forward as an explanation to the occurrence of many preventable diseases and allergic infections. The following is an analysis seeking

A stem cell is undifferentiated cell with the potential of differentiation into many types of organs and tissues (Conrad, 2012). Stem cell therapy operates on the basis of using undifferentiated cells to cure various diseases through

Dr. George Gey harvested some of Henrietta’s cervical cells for research purposes. His assistant successfully cultured them and to their amazement the cells divided manifold in just a short

I think using a table for comparison is very effective and it can help you better understand each process. (approx. 100-125 words) Lamark, the botanist and Zoologist was the scientist who proposed the theory of adaptation. One of the more popular theories of

This research aims to evaluate and present bacterial transformation and gene expression. The research will demonstrate two important genetic engineering tools used for the expression of the foreign gene of interest in the given bacterial cell and three conditions required for the transformation.

A group of tissues makes up organs. The liver remains the largest internal organ in the body, covering up to at least 4% of the total body weight. The weight is approximately 1.5kg. It extends to the upper right side of the abdomen. The liver has a close association with the small intestines, with its fundamental role being digestion completion.

Generally speaking, the years that professional scientists would be spending studying to get a PhD degree will require a huge amount of money. In fact, a team of economists and biologists conducted a study on 2001 which discovered that bio-scientists are experiencing “huge lifetime economic disadvantage”.

fertilization or can be truncated at various later stages. Baines (2006) states that the techniques of birth control can be both reversible and irreversible. While reversible methods do not impair

This suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) transmits signals to the brain, organizing circadian rhythms throughout the body. The authors set to show methods of SCN transplant and how they behave during the transplant that is before and after. Also, they talk of showing how transplanted SCN similar to neural pacemakers can maintain circadian activity rhythms.

od reproductive health implies that all people have the ability to acquire a satisfying and safe sex life, the capability for reproduction and the freedom to choose if, when, and how often to do so. Men and women should get information about and get access to safe, affordable,

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells, although the entire microbial community of human body only weighs about 200 grams, with some weight estimates ranging as high as 3 pounds (approximately 48 ounces or 1,400 grams). Some consider

For example, the Saint Bernard is up to 100 times heavier than the Chihuahua. Controversy has developed as to whether or not some of the breeds still share the same species classification due to such great differences. This

However, there is a lot of debate on where to draw the line on this procedure. While many couples want perfect children, there has been a lot of debate surrounding PGD. A line

Nonetheless, some of the common symptoms of the common cold include a runny nose, sore throat, cough, and watery eyes among others. Similarly, the common cold has a wide range of

The paper also shows that the exclusive chemisorption of atomic oxygen in aqueous and gaseous media on the surface of silver gives it freedom for the movement of oxygen anywhere in the crystal lattice of silver. This offers a reservoir of oxygen and exclusive features for silver to set apart in catalytic activity.

There are more than a few reasons why a person would require a tracheotomy tube. One of the reasons is a congenital abnormality which occurs at the trachea inhibiting normal breathing (Wijeweera & Ng Sb, 2011). Another reason is severe injuries to the mouth or the neck. The

A clinical case was defined as fever 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against

Cerebro-vascular damage is one of the major causes of death and is responsible for adult disability. Treating this condition is hard despite the increasing efforts in early rehabilitation and emergency treatment in patients suffering from it. In contemporary society, stem cell research and regenerative medicine have improved in attempting to treat this neurological condition.

In the field of biotechnology, it is referred to as a procedure utilized to create identical copies of fragments of DNA, organisms, and cells. The term cloning is even used in digital context when identical forms of software are produced. The concept clone is obtained from an ancient Greek term called klon.

The genetic variation of both populations was examined by gathering six microsatellite loci genotypes from each population and then the data was utilized to measure observed heterozygosity, which was then used to make comparison between both populations of Western

The author states that basing on the results the most likely bacteria were: for the unknown A,  was Klebsiella pneumoniae  which is a typical rod shaped bacterium, a Gram-negative, lactose fermenting, facultative anaerobic. For the unknown B: It was likely to be Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria which is a typical nonspore-forming rods.

Thorolfur Thorlindson conducted research named “Sport, and use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) among Icelandic high school students: a critical test of three perspectives”. The purpose of this research was to figure out whether sports are the main reason due to which high school level students abuse AAS or whether there are other factors that contribute to this abuse. ­­

The conclusion from this study states that the revolutionary history of agencies started in the late 1970s. The requirements and amendments made over time have resulted in the emergence of new agencies with varying objectives and mission. The European Medicine Agency was established in late 1993 has a result of rising concern over the biotechnological development of drugs.